Referencing consists of two parts: in-text reference and list of sources (bibliography). The in-text reference refers to the list of sources (bibliography) at the end of the document, that provides the full details of the source. The format of a reference depends on the number of authors, type of source, and whether you are referring to a single or multiple sentences in your text.
The referencing examples for various types of sources are given in referencing format used for referring to a single sentence. The format of examples is as follows:
The list of sources is placed between the text and appendices. The list is alphabetised according to author's surname (or, if no author is indicated, by the publisher's name). Within each individual source in the list, the authors are listed in the same order as they appear in the publication. Articles (a, an, the, en, ett) are ignored when alphabetising.
The examples in this guide are an application of Haaga-Helia reporting guidelines, published on Haaga-Helia's website . The guidelines describe the main rules for formatting references. The ways of publishing information are changing and new source types are constantly emerging. Therefore, clear-cut and unambiguous instructions cannot be given to every single source. You may need to apply the guidelines. When formatting references, it is essential that
Follow your chosen reference decision consistently. When the text is evaluated, the teacher or thesis supervisor should consider the chosen method correct if the main rules of are implemented. If you are unsure of how to document a reference, please consult your teacher or thesis supervisor.
You may also use Cite Them Right - Harvard style, if you use Mendeley reference management programme.
The citation examples in this guide have been updated in January 2024 with Haaga-Helia's thesis coordinators.
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Referring to single sentence in your text |
Referring to multiple sentences in your text |
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In-text reference is part of a sentence where you paraphrase the idea in your own words. Full stop after the sentence and the in-text reference. N.B.! A paragraph does not necessarily end with an in-text reference, if you continue the paragraph with your own thinking. |
In-text reference is a separate sentence at the end of the paraphrased text. Full stop after the sentence. Also add a full stop to the text reference (within parentheses). N.B.! A paragraph does not necessarily end with an in-text reference, if you continue the paragraph with your own thinking. |
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Aro (2018, 168) recommends using an outside consultant to deal with the problems recognised in the workplace atmosphere. or It has been recommended that an outside consultant is used when dealing with recognised problems in the workplace atmosphere (Aro 2018, 168). |
It has been recommended that an outside consultant is used when dealing with problems recognised in the workplace atmosphere. A consultant coming from outside the organization can work neutrally and has a lot of experience in good solutions. (Aro 2018, 168.) The aim of this thesis is to compare methods consultants frequently use in solving atmosphere problems. |
Sources alphabetised according to author's surname: the sources are separated by a semicolon.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
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Pears, R. 2019. Cite them right: The essential referencing guide. Red Globe Press. London. |
(Pears 2019, 65–69; Potter et al. 2020, 65–67) |
The format of the reference is as follows depending on the number of the authors. The examples below are from book sources. This referencing style is applied to other source types as well. The names of the authors are in the same order that they are in the publication.
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Entry on the list of sources |
In-text reference | |
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Pears, R. 2019. Cite them right: The essential referencing guide. 11th ed. Red Globe Press. London. |
(Pears 2019, 65–69) |
Single author. |
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Atrill, P. & McLaney E. J. 2019. Accounting and finance for non-specialists. Pearson. Harlow. |
(Atrill & McLaney 2019, 27) |
Two authors. |
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Stickdorn, M., Lawrence, A., Hormess, M. E. & Schneider, J. 2018. This is service design methods: A companion to this is service design doing. O'Reilly Media. Sebastopol. |
(Stickdorn, Lawrence, Hormess & Schneider 2018, 35) or According to Stickdorn, Lawrence, Hormess and Schneider (2018, 35) this is because .. |
3–5 authors, when referring to them for the first time. |
| Stickdorn, M., Lawrence, A., Hormess, M. E. & Schneider, J. 2018. This is service design methods: A companion to this is service design doing. O'Reilly Media. Sebastopol. | (Stickdorn et al. 2018, 72) |
3–5 authors, when referring to them again. |
| Potter, T., Lynch, S., Newton, A., Harris, B., Fox, E. & Stein, K. 2020. Thesis survival guide. Easypress. Bath. | (Potter et al. 2020, 30) |
6 or more authors. |
If the author is unknown, the name of the publishing organisation (e.g. company, organisation) replaces the the name of the author.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
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Ministry of Justice 2017. National action plan on fundamental and human rights. Ministry of Justice. Helsinki. |
(Ministry of Justice 2017, 29–30) |
If there are multiple sources from the same organisation, see Several sources from the same author.
NB. If the source does not include a personal author or a recognised publisher/organisation as an author, consider carefully whether to use it at all.
If there is more than one source from the same author or authors from the same year, sources are distinguished from one another by adding a lower-case letter (a, b, c, ...) after the publication year following the order in which the sources appear in your text.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
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Smith, J. 2020a. How to lead people. HR Publishing. New York. If the source type requires using full date of publication instead of publication year, you rarely need to identify sources in this way. For example: Schram, E. 22 April 2021. Attracting international talent through world-class workplace culture. Business Finland Blog. URL: https://www.businessfinland.fi/en/whats-new/blogs/invest-in-finland/attracting-international-talent-through-world-class-workplace-culture. Accessed: 14 October 2021. If the source has no publication year, you should add a blank space between the abbreviation s.a. and the letter a, b, c, ... to make it clearer. For example: Finnish Institute of Occupational Health s.a. a. Areas for development in work life. URL: https://www.ttl.fi/en/influencing/areas-for-development-in-work-life. Accessed: 4 December 2023. Finnish Institute of Occupational Health s.a. b. Testing of personal protective equipment. URL: https://www.ttl.fi/en/services/risks-and-safety-of-the-work-environment/testing-of-personal-protective-equipment. Accessed: 4 December 2023. |
(Smith 2020a, 6)
(Schram 22 April 2021) (Schram 14 September 2021)
(Finnish Institute of Occupational Health s.a. a) (Finnish Institute of Occupational Health s.a. b) |
If the year of publication is not known, use the abbreviation s.a. (sine anno, without a year). As an example a website, date of publication unknown.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
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Finnish Institute of Occupational Health s.a. Indoor air problems at the workplace. URL: https://www.ttl.fi/en/service/indoor-air-problems-at-workplaces/. Accessed: 29 April 2020. |
(Finnish Institute of Occupational Health s.a.) |
NB: This method of referencing is not recommended.
Try to use the original source (primary source). If you need to use a secondary source instead of the original one, refer only to the secondary source, and include it in the list of references.
In the example Lacoste is the primary source, while the author has used Jaring & Bäck as the secondary source.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
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Jaring, P. & Bäck, A., 2017. How researchers use social media to promote their research and network with industry. Technology innovation Management Review, 7,8, s. 32–39 |
Lacoste found that openness of social media and presence of competitors prevent sales managers from using social media in their work (Jaring & Bäck 2017, 34). or Lacoste's (2016, in Jaring & Bäck 2017, 34) research showed that openness of social media and presence of competitors prevent sales managers from using social media in their work. |
Transliterate the name of the author, and use it as instructed. Transliterate the name of author and publisher and translate both the title and the place of publication into the language of your report.
Pay attention to the difference between research material (research data) and the source material. The research material you have collected (interviews, analysed ads, online discussions etc.) used in the empirical part is not included in the list of references, but instead is presented in some other appropriate way.
N.B.! When you use research material someone else has collected (secondary data, e.g. open data), you need a reference. See instruction on referencing research data.
Author(s) Year of publication. Article title. Journal/magazine/newspaper title, volume, issue number, page number(s).
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
| Kumar, V. 2017. Integrating theory and practice in marketing. Journal of Marketing, 81, 2, pp. 1–7. |
(Kumar 2017, 1–3)
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Aparicio, S. T., Aparicio, T. & Costa, C. 2019. Data Science and AI: Trends Analysis. 14th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), Coimbra, pp. 1–6. |
(Aparicio, Aparicio & Costa 2019)
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Artificial intelligence cannot be considered an author or a literary source. Therefore, you cannot create an in-text reference for AI-generated text or include it in the list of sources. Verify the information produced by artificial intelligence from original sources and make references to them.
However, you can use artificial intelligence in your work in various ways. Follow the instructions given by your teacher and the Guidelines for students for using AI at Haaga-Helia (pdf) . If you use AI-generated text, images, etc. in your work, you need to mention it. Describe, at an appropriate place and to an appropriate extent, the tool you have utilized and how you have used it. Depending on the scope and format of your work, this can be done, for example, in the section where AI has been used, in the introduction of the work, at the end of the work, or in the image heading.
| Example 1 | The content for this paragraph was brainstormed using the ChatGPT 3.5 language model. The input used was: 'Generate a paragraph for a thesis about the recruitment process.' |
| Example 2 |
The production of Chapter 2.3 involved the use of the ChatGPT 3.5 language model. The prompts used were: 'How can artificial intelligence be utilized in recruitment?' and 'Elaborate on the ethical problems related to the use of AI in recruitment.' If there are multiple prompts, you can provide the most important ones or the first and last prompt. |
| Example 3 | Figure 1. Recruitment Process (generated by the AI tool Copilot) |
These guidelines will be updated as Haaga-Helia's AI policies change and with the technological development of artificial intelligence.
Author Date. Title. Name of the blog. Blog. URL: address as hyperlink. Accessed: date.
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Entry on the list of sources |
In-text reference |
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Epstein, J. 14 April 2020. What does ‘omnichannel customer engagement’ mean? Business 2 community blog. URL: https://www.business2community.com/customer-experience/what-does-omnichannel-customer-engagement-mean-02300534. Accessed: 14 April 2020. |
(Epstein 14 April 2020) |
Author(s) Year of Publication. Title. Edition (if not 1st). Publisher. Place of publication. Type of the source. Accessed: date.
According to the thesis guidelines, web address and date of access are provided only if the source is freely available on the Internet. Since some e-books are updated continuously, it is reasonable to always provide the date of access for e-books.
E-books and audiobooks do not necessarily have specific page numbers to refer to, or the numbering varies between different e-book devices or the chosen font size. In this case you may refer to the chapter number or title. If the e-book device shows the reading progress in percentages, you may also use this. The main aim is that the reader can locate the exact passage you have cited.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
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E-book with page numbering Chaffey, D. 2019. Digital business and e-commerce management. 7th ed. Pearson Education. Harlow. E-book. Accessed: 12 November 2021. Chapter or article in an edited e-book Snitzer, A. 2020. Cruise line revenue management. In Szende, P. (ed.). Hospitality revenue management. Concepts and practices, s. 367–402. Apple Academic Press. Palm Bay. E-book. Accessed: 15 September 2021. |
(Chaffey 2019, 300–302)
(Snitzer 2020, 380) |
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E-book without page numbering Dunbar-Hester, C. 2020. Hacking diversity. The politics of inclusion in open technology cultures. Princeton University Press. Princeton. E-book. Accessed: 1 April 2020. Chapter or article in an edited e-book without page numbering Fritz, J. 2017. Using analytics to nudge student responsibility for learning. In Zilvinskis, J. & Borden, V. (eds.). Learning analytics in higher education, chapter 6. Jossey-Bass. San Francisco. E-book. Accessed: 25 January 2021.
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(Dunbar-Hester 2020, chapter 2)
(Fritz 2017, subchapter Other notable student-facing analytics intervensions)
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Audiobook Maharidge, D. & Bruder, J. 2020. Snowden's box. Tantor audio. Audiobook. Accessed: 12 November 2021. |
(Maharidge & Bruder 2020, chapter 3) |
Name of the source Date of the email. Sender's position in the organisation. Name of the organisation. The form of communication, i.e., email.
In-text citation contains the sender's surname and date of the email.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
| Kokko, T. 4 July 2019. President. Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences. Email. |
(Kokko 4 July 2019) |
Author Year of publication. Path. Title of the webpage. Accessed: date.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
| Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences 2019. Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences Mynet. Thesis, Bachelor Programmes. ABC Quick Guide. Thesis Process. Accessed: 15 August 2021. | (Haaga-Helia 2021) |
Author(s) Date. Article title. Title of the magazine. URL: address as hyperlink. Accessed: date.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
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Mull, A. January/February 2020. Stop believing in free shipping. How retailers hide the costs of delivery—and why we’re such suckers for their ploys. The Atlantic. URL: https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/01/the-myth-of-free-shipping/603031/. Accessed: 7 April 2020. |
(Mull January/February 2020) |
Author(s) Date. Title of the video. Type of the source. URL: address as hyperlink. Accessed: date.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
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Barrios, G. September 2019. Why gender-based marketing is bad for business? Online video.TED@BCG Mumbai. URL: https://www.ted.com/talks/gaby_barrios_why_gender_based_marketing_is_bad_for_business?language=en. Accessed: 26 March 2019. Service Design Network 29 January 2018. Documentary: Nordic Service Design. Online video. URL: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=330YCLMDaRg. Accessed: 20 November 2019. |
(Barrios September 2019, min. 6–8) (Service Design Network 29 January 2018, min. 5:30–7:30) |
PDF or other type of file published online that follow the original graphic appearance of a book or a report. Use the same method of referencing as in books:
Author(s) Year of publication. Title. Publisher. Place of publication. URL: address as hyperlink. Accessed: date.
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Entry on the list of sources |
In-text reference |
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Knuuti, J. & Ritola, S. 2019. Total pension in Finland 2019. How are earnings-related pensions, national pensions and taxation determined? Finnish Centre for Pensions. Helsinki. URL: https://www.etk.fi/wp-content/uploads/Total-pension-in-Finland-2019.pdf. Accessed: 6 April 2020. |
(Knuuti & Ritola 2019, 11) |
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Economic policy council 2019. Economic policy council report 2019. Helsinki. URL: https://www.talouspolitiikanarviointineuvosto.fi/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/Report-2019.pdf. Accessed: 7 April 2020. |
(Economic policy council 2019, 68) |
Author(s) Date. Title of the podcast episode. Name of the podcast. Podcast. URL: address as hyperlink. Accessed: date.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
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Harvard Business Review 25 February 2020. Rules for effective hiring - and firing. HBR IdeaCast podcast. URL: https://hbr.org/podcast/2020/02/rules-for-effective-hiring-and-firing. Accessed: 7 April 2020. |
(Harvard Business Review 25 February 2020, min. 4–7) |
Author(s) Year of publication. Title of the webpage. URL: address as hyperlink. Accessed: date.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
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Tax administration 2019. Starting up business. URL: https://www.vero.fi/en/detailed-guidance/guidance/47780/starting-up-business1/. Accessed: 29 March 2020. |
(Tax administration 2019) |
| Statistics Finland 2018. Educational qualifications highest among persons aged 40 to 44 in 2017. URL: https://www.stat.fi/til/vkour/2017/vkour_2017_2018-11-02_tie_001_en.html. Accessed: 23 March 2020. | (Statistics Finland 2018) |
Author(s) publication date. Title. Version, if more than one is available. Publisher (repository or archive hosting the data). Electronic dataset. Persistent digital identifier like DOI or URN as hyperlink. Accessed: date.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
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When you use research data you haven’t collected yourself, you need to reference it. References to research data are done in the same way as to other sources. Finnish Business and Policy Forum EVA 24 April 2020. EVA survey on Finnish values and attitudes autumn 2019. Finnish Social Science Data Archive. Electronic dataset. URN: http://urn.fi/urn:nbn:fi:fsd:T-FSD3388. Accessed 18 May 2022. Borella, M., De Nardi, M. & Yang, F. 29 November 2021. Are marriage-related taxes and Social Security benefits holding back female labor supply? Version 3. Zenodo. Electronic dataset. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5888835. Accessed: 19 May 2022.
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(Finnish Business and Policy Forum EVA 24 April 2020) (Borella, De Nardi & Yang 29 November 2021) |
Author Date of the post. Title. Type of the post. URL: address as hyperlink. Accessed: date.
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Entry on the list of sources |
In-text reference |
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Public Facebook post European Union 13 January 2020. Climate change is about all of us - -. Facebook post. URL: https://www.facebook.com/EuropeanCommission/posts/2766485036732292. Accessed: 12 March 2020. |
(European Union 13 January 2020) |
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Tweet thisisFINLAND 5 April 2020. Technology-based distance learning could increase inequality, as not everyone owns a computer - -.Tweet @thisisFINLAND. URL: https://twitter.com/thisisFINLAND/status/1246756996512088065. Accessed: 6 April 2020. |
(thisisFINLAND 5 April 2020) |
Author(s) Year of publication. Title of the document. Statista. Accessed: date.
Web address is provided only if the source is freely available on the Internet. Give the name of the service instead of web address for sources behind a paywall.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
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N.B.! Statista is generally not the source of the surveys or statistics in the service. Statista collects information provided by other sources. The author of the information is given with each statistic. See an example below. Click the image to enlarge it.
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(Cosmetics Technology 2021) |
Author(s) Year of publication. Title. Type of thesis (Bachelor's thesis, Master's thesis, Doctoral dissertation). University or University of Applied Sciences, Degree programme or department. URL: address as hyperlink. Accessed: date.
N.B.! Ask your thesis supervisor or teacher about using theses as source material. Their use may be justified, when you present theses previously published on your topic, for instance. You should use careful consideration before using Bachelor's or Master's theses as information sources for the theoretical part of your paper.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
| Kataja, T. 2017. Blogging and expert image. Master's thesis. Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences, Degree Programme in Communication Management. URL: http://www.urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:amk-2017111016892. Accessed: 16 April 2020. | (Kataja 2017, 8) |
Kähäri, O. 2020. The effect of audit experience on audit fees. Evidence from the audit market of large Finnish companies. Master's thesis. Aalto University School of Business, Department of Accounting. URL: http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:aalto-202003292657. Accessed: 17 April 2020. |
(Kähäri 2020, 27–30) |
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(Hietajärvi 2019, 10) |
Researchers have more and more started to publish their work on various research network platforms. These kind of "social media platforms for researchers" include e.g. ResearchGate, Academia.edu, Mendeley, MyScienceWork and Social Science Research Network. These platforms are not edited publications as academic publications are and, therefore, it is recommended that you retrieve the original publication and refer to it.
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Entry on the list of references |
In-text reference |
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Recommended method of referencing: referring to the original publication 1. Search the original publication (instructions: see section Find articles by name) 2. Make a reference to the original publication you retrieved from the database: Aparicio, S., Aparicio, T. & Costa, C. 2019. Data Science and AI: Trends Analysis. 14th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), Coimbra, pp. 1–6. If the article is not available in databases provided by Haaga-Helia: Reese, S. D. 2022. The Institution of Journalism: Conceptualizing the Press in a Hybrid Media System. Digital Journalism, 10, 2, pp. 253–266. URL: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/355310019_The_Institution_of_Journalism_Conceptualizing_the_Press_in_a_Hybrid_Media_System. Accessed: 25 January 2023. |
(Aparicio, Aparicio & Costa 2019, 5)
If the article is not available in databases provided by Haaga-Helia: (Reese 2022, 260–262) |
Author(s) Year of Publication. Title. Edition (if not 1st). Publisher. Place of publication.
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Entry on the list of sources |
In-text reference | |
| Pears, R. 2019. Cite them right: The essential referencing guide. 11th ed. Red Globe Press. London. |
(Pears 2019, 65–69) |
Single author. |
| Atrill, P. & McLaney E. J. 2019. Accounting and finance for non-specialists. Pearson. Harlow. |
(Atrill & McLaney 2019, 27) |
Two authors. |
| Stickdorn, M., Lawrence, A., Hormess, M. E. & Schneider, J. 2018. This is service design methods: A companion to this is service design doing. O'Reilly Media. Sebastopol. | (Stickdorn, Lawrence, Hormess & Schneider 2018, 35) or According to Stickdorn, Lawrence, Hormess and Schneider (2018, 35) this is because ... |
3–5 authors, when referring to them for the first time. |
| Stickdorn, M., Lawrence, A., Hormess, M. E. & Schneider, J. 2018. This is service design methods: A companion to this is service design doing. O'Reilly Media. Sebastopol. | (Stickdorn et al. 2018, 72) | 3–5 authors, when referring to them again. |
| Potter, T., Lynch, S., Newton, A., Harris, B., Fox, E. & Stein, K. 2020. Thesis survival guide. Easypress. Bath. | (Potter et al. 2020, 19) | 6 or more authors. |
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Simonse, L. 2017. Design Roadmapping. BIS Publishers. Amsterdam. Alphabetised according to author's surname in the list of sources. |
(Simonse 2017, 65; Stickdorn, Lawrence, Hormess & Schneider 2018, 81–82) |
Referring to multiple sources in a same sentence or paragraph. |
When the book is a collection of texts by different authors, and the names of editors are given.
Author(s) of article or chapter Year of publication. Title of article or chapter. Editors of the edited work (ed./eds.). Title of the edited work. Page numbers. Publisher. Place of publication.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
| Vuori, J. 2018. Understanding academic leadership using the four-frame model. In Pekkola, E., Kivistö, J., Kohtamäki, V., Cai, Y. & Lyytinen A. (eds.). Theoretical and methodological perspectives on higher education management and transformation: An advanced reader for PhD students, pp. 167–178. Tampere University Press. Tampere. | (Vuori 2018, 170) |
Author(s) Year of publication. Title of the article. Title of the journal, magazine, or newspaper, volume, issue number, page number(s).
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
| Jafri, S. 2020. Micro hotels the next trend. Hospitality News Middle East, 128, pp. 34–35. |
(Jafri 2020)
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| Kumar, V. 2017. Integrating theory and practice in marketing. Journal of Marketing, 81, 2, pp. 1–7. |
(Kumar 2017, 3–4)
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Name of the interviewee or informant Date of the communication. Interviewee's or informant's position in the organisation. Name of the organisation. Form of communication, i.e. interview [or personal communication]. Place of interview.
Pay attention to the difference between the interview used as an information source and interview used as a research material/data. Expert interviews used as an information source are included in the list of sources. The interviews used in the empirical part are not included in the list of sources, but instead is presented in some other appropriate way.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
| Korhonen, M. 5 June 2019. Head of human resources. Bestcompany. Interview. Helsinki. | (Korhonen 5 June 2019) |
Name of the presenter Date of presentation. Presenter's position in the organisation. Title of presentation. Name of the organisation. Form of communication, i.e. seminar presentation/conference presentation. Place of presentation.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
|
Vaarala, J. 3 February 2019. Chief financial officer. The future of artificial intelligence in accounting. Biggy Corporation. Seminar presentation. Tampere. |
(Vaarala 3 February 2019) |
You may illustrate your text by using tables or figures. Each one is numbered and titled in their own series. The number and the title of a figure is placed right below them, whereas the number and the title of a table is placed right above it. If you have a large number of tables or figures, they can be appended to the report.
The sources of the figures and tables must be properly indicated. You can find examples in the following tabs.
Figures can be
Under the Finnish copyright legislation, an image or photograph can be cited for non-commercial purposes in a scientific publication, e.g. a thesis. In addition, the Copyright Act grants a so-called general citation right, which permits the fair use of images in other types of academic works, e.g. exercises and other assignments. The use is permitted, if the terms of the source do not prohibit it and when
However, the terms and conditions of an image bank or other stock photo provider may restrict the use of the images. Always remember to check out the terms and conditions of use!
It may also be possible to use an image under the Creative Commons (CC) license . CC license specifies the conditions of use, and the licensing information must be linked to the image.
You must also consider the protection of personal data , if persons in the image can be identified.
If the image has been used in accordance with the Copyright Act or under CC licensing, your work can be published on Haaga-Helia's open network, Theseus or HH Thesis. On the other hand, it is often not possible to publish the whole document or image on social media or other platforms due to the extensive permissions and access the user usually has granted to various social media platforms.
Aalto University Learning Centre has compiled ImagOA guide which provides detailed information on different types of licenses, copyright and permitted uses of illustrations and photographs. The guide also includes an extensive collection of links to CC licensed image banks in both Finland and abroad.
If the information presented in a figure is not from your own material, add an in-text reference without end punctuation after the heading.The number and heading of a figure should be placed below the figure.
Figure 1. Student at the library (generated by the AI tool Adobe Firefly)
If you have created the figure yourself, don't include it in the list of references. You should mention in the heading if the figure was created with an AI.
Figure 2. Pikeperch (WWF s.a.)
Figure number, title, creator and year of publication are listed right below the illustration.
Entry on the list of sources:
WWF s.a. Pikeperch. URL: https://wwf.fi/kalaopas/laji/kuha/. Accessed: 14 April 2020.
Figure 3. Retail (Dooley, K. 2017 CC BY 2.0)
Figure number, title, creator, year of publication and CC license are listed right below the image. Link the CC license to its description, as in the example above. The link should be available with the original figure.
You may redraw figures if you are unsure whether or not there are any user restrictions. The text reference should indicate that the illustration is an adapted version of the original.
Figure 4. The crucial relationship between talent management and organization design (adapted from Ulrich, Brockbank, Johnson, Sandholtz & Younger 2008, 100)
Figure number, title, creator, year of publication and page number are listed right below the illustration.
Entry on the list of sources:
Ulrich, D., Brockbank, W., Johnson, D, Sandholtz, K. & Younger, J. 2008. Hr competencies : mastery at the intersection of people and business. Independent Publishers Group. Alexandria. E-book. Accessed: 15 April 2020.
Figure 5. The food pyramid (Safefood s.a.)
Figure number, title, creator and year of publication are listed right below the illustration.
Entry on the list of sources:
Safefood s.a. The food pyramid. URL: https://www.safefood.eu/Healthy-Eating/The-Food-Pyramid-and-The-Eatwell-Guide/The-Food-Pyramid.aspx. Accessed: 14 April 2020.
A table chart is a presentation that is arranged in columns and rows. If the data in the table is not obtained through your own research, indicate it by not adding a full stop to the in-text reference after the title. The title of the table is marked right above the table.
Table 1. Framework for the future of social media as it relates to marketing issues (Appel,Grewal, Hadi & Stephen 2020, 81)
Entry on the list of sources:
Appel, G., Grewal, L., Hadi, R. & Stephen, A. 2020. The future of social media in marketing. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 48, 1, pp. 79–95.
Laws
When you refer to an act or decree for the first reference, use the number of the statute and the full name of the law (no./year). For the subsequent references, use the short or abbreviated name of the law.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference | |
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Act on the Protection of Privacy in Working Life 759/2004. |
(Act on the Protection of Privacy in Working Life 759/2004) |
When referring to the law for the first time. |
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(Act on the Protection of Privacy in Working Life)
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When referring to the law again: the name of the law without the statute number or standard abbreviation of name of the law |
Chapters, sections, and subsections of laws
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When a reference is made to a specific statute, the chapter of the act or decree is mentioned if the law is subdivided into chapters and section numbering starts at section 1 at the beginning of each chapter. After this refer to the section (§). Chapter 2, Section 4 of the Code of Real Estate (540/1995) provides the rele-vant provisions on real estate transactions by companies. |
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If there is a running numbering of sections throughout the law, chapter numbers are not required. If there are no chapters, always use § (section sign). Section 4 of the Marriage Act (234/1929) generally prohibits marriage by minors. |
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Reference to a specific paragraph. Chapter 2, Section 1, Paragraph 1 of the Code of Real Estate (540/1995) states that a real estate purchase must be made in writing.
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Name of the organ that issued the act or directive, name the act or directive and number of the statute.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
| Regulation on the Hygiene of Foodstuffs 852/2004/EC. Regulation 852/2004/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council on the Hygiene of Foodstuffs. Official Journal of the European Union, L226/3, 25 June 2004, pp. 3–21. |
(Regulation on the Hygiene of Foodstuffs 852/2004/EC) |
Standard number:year of publication. Title of standard. Publisher. Place of publication.
| Entry on the list of sources | In-text reference |
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SFS-EN ISO 14063:2020. Environmental management. Environmental communication. Guidelines and examples. Finnish Standards Association SFS. Helsinki. |
(SFS-EN ISO 14063:2020, 48) |
